Health profile for Oder Adults 
Gerontology is the study of aging and older adults. The science of gerontology has evolved as longevity has improved. Researchers in this field are diverse and are trained in areas such as physiology, social science, psychology, public health, and policy. A more complete definition of gerontology includes all of the following: Scientific studies of processes associated with the bodily changes from middle age through later life. Multidisciplinary investigation of societal changes resulting from an aging population and ranging from the humanities (e. g., history, philosophy, literature)
Gerontology is the study of aging from a multi-disciplinary perspective, including health science, psychology, business, economics, medicine, sociology, and more. The older adult population is increasing rapidly which means there will be a growing demand for specialists in the field of aging
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Gerontology "old man" is the study of the social, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. It is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. Gerontologists include researchers and practitioners in the fields of biology, economics, political, Sociology, economics, political, Science, architecture, geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology
The percentage of population above age of 60 years is 6.2% of total population. While, the projection indicates that along the period between 1996 to 2025, the percentage of the old. Old will rise from 0.9% to 1.5% (with 66% increase) compared to a rise from 5.8% to 8.9% in the younger old group. Indeed, it is significant to note that over the 1996 -2025 period, the projected percentage of old adults will reach a higher than that of the total population as the percentage of increase in total population in Egypt will reach only 48.3% increase
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Geriatric Theory
Activity theory argues that disengagement in old age occurs not by desire, but by the barriers to social engagement imposed by society. This theory has been faulted for not factoring in psychological changes that occur as shown by reduced activity even when available. It has also been found that happiness in old age is not proportional to activity. Activity theory was developed and elaborated. According to this theory, older adults self –concept depends on social interaction
Activity theory argues that disengagement in old age occurs not by desire, but by the barriers to social engagement imposed by society. This theory has been faulted for not factoring in psychological changes that occur as shown by reduced activity even when available. It has also been found that happiness in old age is not proportional to activity. Activity theory was developed and elaborated. According to this theory, older adults self –concept depends on social interaction
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Older adults to maintain morale in old age, substitutions must be made for lost roles. Examples of lost roles include retirement from a job or loss of spouse Activity is preferable to inactivity because it facilitates well –begin on multiple levels, because of improved general health. The activity theory is applicable for a stable, post –industrial, which offers its older members many opportunities for meaningful participation. Some aging persons cannot maintain a middle-aged lifestyle, due to functional limitations. Many older adults lack the resources to maintain active roles in society
Continuity Theory: In spite of the inevitable differences imposed by their elderly, most people try to maintain continuity in personhood, activities, and relationships with their younger days
Psychosocial Theory: The human personality is developed in a series of eight stages that take place from the time of birth and continue on throughout an individual's complete life. He characterizes old age as a period of "Integrity Despair", during which a person focuses on reflecting back on his life. Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair
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General Imbalance Theory: General Imbalance Theories of aging suggest that body systems, such as the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, gradually decline and ultimately fail to function. The rate of failure varies system by system. The elderly who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death
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Social Theories of Aging:
Aging is an interactive process where the individual is affected by the environment while also influencing the in environment in which he/she ages. Several theories of aging are developed to observe the aging process of older adults in society as well as how these processes are interpreted by men and women as they age
Aging is an interactive process where the individual is affected by the environment while also influencing the in environment in which he/she ages. Several theories of aging are developed to observe the aging process of older adults in society as well as how these processes are interpreted by men and women as they age
Social Theories:
This theory proposes a mutual disengagement between people and their society occurs in anticipation of death. By becoming disengaged from work and family responsibilities, according to this concept
This theory proposes a mutual disengagement between people and their society occurs in anticipation of death. By becoming disengaged from work and family responsibilities, according to this concept
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Life Course Theory:
According to this theory, which stems from the Life Course Perspective aging occurs from birth to death. Aging involves social, psychological, and biological processes. Additionally, aging experiences are shaped by cohort and period effects
According to this theory, which stems from the Life Course Perspective aging occurs from birth to death. Aging involves social, psychological, and biological processes. Additionally, aging experiences are shaped by cohort and period effects
Also reflecting the life course focus, consider the implication for how societies might function when age –based norms vanish – a consequence of the deinstitutionalization of the life course and suggest that these implications pose new challenges for theorizing aging and the life course in postindustrial societies. Dramatic reductions in mortality, morbidity, and fertility over the past several decades have so shaken up the organization of the life course and the nature of educational, work, family, and leisure experiences that it is now possible for individuals to become old in new ways. The configurations and content of other life stages are being altered as well, especially for women. In consequence, theories of age and aging will need to be conceptualized
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Aging Definitions.
Aging in human refers to a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social changes. Some dimensions of ageing grow and expand. Aging is an important part of all human societies that reflecting the changes of the biological, cultural and societies that reflecting the changes of the biological, cultural and societal conventions
Aging in human refers to a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social changes. Some dimensions of ageing grow and expand. Aging is an important part of all human societies that reflecting the changes of the biological, cultural and societies that reflecting the changes of the biological, cultural and societal conventions
Aging is a process everyone must deal with throughout his\her life. Yet, few people, if any embrace the idea of aging old with much fervor. Society looks Upon Chronological aging as bad, and aging itself as a curse, perhaps one of the most remarkable demographic development, in modern times in progressive demographic aging of the older generation (often referred to as the "oldest old ") is growing faster than its younger segment
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Aging is a physiological process that starts from birth, continues throughout life and ends with death. The process of ageing of an individual is assessed by comparing biological age with chronological age. If biological age corresponds to chronological age, ageing is described as normal. If biological age legs behind chronological age, aging is described as delayed or retarded. And if the biological age has advanced ahead of the chronological age, ageing is described as precocious or premature
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Aging process:-
The aging process is a biological reality, which has its own dynamic, largely human control. However, it is also subject to the construction by which each society makes sense of old age. The age 60 or 65, roughly equivalent to retirement ages in most developed countries chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old age. The process of aging varies from person to person to person depending on various genetic, environmental, psychological, social and economic factors
The aging process is a biological reality, which has its own dynamic, largely human control. However, it is also subject to the construction by which each society makes sense of old age. The age 60 or 65, roughly equivalent to retirement ages in most developed countries chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old age. The process of aging varies from person to person to person depending on various genetic, environmental, psychological, social and economic factors
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Geriatrics:
Is the medical specialty that deals with the health and social care of the older adult these includes the physiology of aging, diagnosis and treatment of disease affecting the physiology of aged and resulting from the aging process, and the complex psychosocial issues associated with aging population
Is the medical specialty that deals with the health and social care of the older adult these includes the physiology of aging, diagnosis and treatment of disease affecting the physiology of aged and resulting from the aging process, and the complex psychosocial issues associated with aging population
Changes of Elderly
Physiological changes
Physiological changes
Gastrointestinal digestive and absorptive functions decline with age. The intestinal wall loses its strength and elasticity and hormonal secretions change, resulting in slower intestinal motility and the rate at of stomach empties food into the small intestine decreases. However, these changes typically do not cause any noticeable symptoms and effect on the secretions of the stomach juices such as acid and pepsin, but conditions that decrease acid secretion, such as atrophic gastritis, and peptic ulcer become more common
Gastric motility and volume decrease with age. Secretion of bicarbonate and gastric mucus decline and the acidity of gastric juices diminish, leading to insufficient hydrochloric acid and delayed gastric emptying. Nutrients such as proteins, fats, minerals, and carbohydrate) particularly lactose) are absorbed more slowly. The effects of these changes can be offset by small frequent meals rather than "three square meals a day (Mauk, 2016).
The liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts having the altered function of these organs generally do not interfere with digestion. Even though the liver decreases in size and weight, liver function remains within normal rang. Decreases in liver blood flow can have a negative effect on the oxidative metabolism of certain medications. Although pancreatic secretion decreases with age, there is generally no obvious dysfunction. Gallbladder and bile duct function remain largely unchanged except in the presence of gallstones, which increases the incidence in older people (Evans et al., 2019).
The muscles in the digestive tract become stiffer, weaker, and less efficient with age. The tissues are also more likely to become damaged because new cells aren’t forming as quickly as they once did. As a result, digestive tract problems that can occur as people age which include heartburn, peptic ulcers, diarrhea constipation, hemorrhoids, gas, stomach pain, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, fecal incontinence, Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (Rodriguez, 2017).
Taste and smell diminish with age and poor dentition may limit food choice of soft foods. Dry mouth is common, making swallowing difficult with subsequent avoidance of foods. Mal absorption of essential nutrient may result as a result of gastrointestinal changes. Gastric emptying slows with aging with a potential detrimental effect on appetite, All of these factors, independently or collectively, can lead to a reduction in food intake (Leslie and Hankey, 2019).
Chronic diseases older persons have at least one chronic condition and many have multiple conditions. The most frequently occurring conditions among older persons in the United Sates were uncontrolled hypertension (35%), and heart disease (33%). Dental problems. Less saliva and less ability for oral hygiene in old age increase the chance of tooth decay and infection (Rachelle, 2016).
Cardiovascular system progressive physiologic changes occur that ultimately lead to a decrease in the function of various organ systems. Aging is typified by changes in the cardiovascular system including a hearts are less efficient in old age with a resulting loss of stamina, decrease in cardiac output and increase in vascular resistance. The heart becomes more dependent on blood volume (preload). There is a decrease in autonomic nervous system responsiveness, such that following spinal anesthesia there is an increased risk of profound hypotension. Decrease in cardiac output lead to decreased hepatic blood flow. Because most analgesics are metabolized by the liver, decrease blood flow may result in decreased metabolism and prolonged excretion of medications (Eldesoky, 2017).
Sexual activity decreases significantly with age, especially after age 60, for both men and women. Skin loses elasticity, becomes drier, and more lined and wrinkled. Sleep trouble holds a chronic prevalence of over 50% in old age
The liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts having the altered function of these organs generally do not interfere with digestion. Even though the liver decreases in size and weight, liver function remains within normal rang. Decreases in liver blood flow can have a negative effect on the oxidative metabolism of certain medications. Although pancreatic secretion decreases with age, there is generally no obvious dysfunction. Gallbladder and bile duct function remain largely unchanged except in the presence of gallstones, which increases the incidence in older people (Evans et al., 2019).
The muscles in the digestive tract become stiffer, weaker, and less efficient with age. The tissues are also more likely to become damaged because new cells aren’t forming as quickly as they once did. As a result, digestive tract problems that can occur as people age which include heartburn, peptic ulcers, diarrhea constipation, hemorrhoids, gas, stomach pain, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, fecal incontinence, Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (Rodriguez, 2017).
Taste and smell diminish with age and poor dentition may limit food choice of soft foods. Dry mouth is common, making swallowing difficult with subsequent avoidance of foods. Mal absorption of essential nutrient may result as a result of gastrointestinal changes. Gastric emptying slows with aging with a potential detrimental effect on appetite, All of these factors, independently or collectively, can lead to a reduction in food intake (Leslie and Hankey, 2019).
Chronic diseases older persons have at least one chronic condition and many have multiple conditions. The most frequently occurring conditions among older persons in the United Sates were uncontrolled hypertension (35%), and heart disease (33%). Dental problems. Less saliva and less ability for oral hygiene in old age increase the chance of tooth decay and infection (Rachelle, 2016).
Cardiovascular system progressive physiologic changes occur that ultimately lead to a decrease in the function of various organ systems. Aging is typified by changes in the cardiovascular system including a hearts are less efficient in old age with a resulting loss of stamina, decrease in cardiac output and increase in vascular resistance. The heart becomes more dependent on blood volume (preload). There is a decrease in autonomic nervous system responsiveness, such that following spinal anesthesia there is an increased risk of profound hypotension. Decrease in cardiac output lead to decreased hepatic blood flow. Because most analgesics are metabolized by the liver, decrease blood flow may result in decreased metabolism and prolonged excretion of medications (Eldesoky, 2017).
Sexual activity decreases significantly with age, especially after age 60, for both men and women. Skin loses elasticity, becomes drier, and more lined and wrinkled. Sleep trouble holds a chronic prevalence of over 50% in old age
Psychological Changes:
Old age is a risk factor for depression caused by prejudice. When people are prejudiced against the elderly and then become old themselves, their anti-elderly prejudice turns age inward, and causing depression. People with more negative age stereotypes will likely have higher rates of depression as they get older. Old age depression results in the over 56 population having the highest suicide rate. Fear of crime in old age, especially among the frail, sometimes weighs more heavily the concerns about finances or health and restricts what they do
Adaptable describes most people in their old age. In spite the stressfulness of elderly, they are described as (agreeable) and (accepting). However, old age dependence induces feelings of incompetence and worthlessness in minority. Caution marks old age this antipathy toward risk-taking stems from the fact that old people have less to gain and more to lose by taking risks than younger people depressed mood
Adaptable describes most people in their old age. In spite the stressfulness of elderly, they are described as (agreeable) and (accepting). However, old age dependence induces feelings of incompetence and worthlessness in minority. Caution marks old age this antipathy toward risk-taking stems from the fact that old people have less to gain and more to lose by taking risks than younger people depressed mood
Social changes:
Social changes in elderly people have the flexibility to structure retirement men: view retirement as a time to slow down, and do less. Women use, this time, to learn new things and explore new responsibilities. If retirement means a major decline in a person standard living: they will be less eager to retire. Older people interact with fewer people and perform fewer social roles, increased individuality. Acceptance of the changes person realizes there a limit for social involvement and learns to live comfortable with the restrictions
Social changes in elderly people have the flexibility to structure retirement men: view retirement as a time to slow down, and do less. Women use, this time, to learn new things and explore new responsibilities. If retirement means a major decline in a person standard living: they will be less eager to retire. Older people interact with fewer people and perform fewer social roles, increased individuality. Acceptance of the changes person realizes there a limit for social involvement and learns to live comfortable with the restrictions
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