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What is the rule of 6 covid?

 The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) 


The  new  outbreak  of  COVID-19  has  recently  become  a  serious  threat  to  the  health  of  people  around  the  world.  COVID-19  is  caused  by  the  SARS-CoV-2,  which  is  a  single-stranded   positive-sense   RNA   virus   that   causes   infection  and  respiratory  failure  (Swerdlow  and  Finelli  2020;  Wu  et  al.  2020)  and  has  led  to  the  thousands  of  people  deaths  (Thienemann  et  al.  2020).  Following  the  WHO  announcement,  the  Global  Emergency  Commit-tee  identified  the  need  for  early  detection,  quarantine,  and prompt treatment as a global concern (Sohrabi et al. 2020), because people with the virus do not have clinical symptoms  such  as  fever,  cough,  etc.,  in  the  early  stages.  For this reason, there is not enough information on how to disinfect and disinfect surfaces and hands, human-to-human transmission through air, food, and water, and the presence  of  the  virus  in  human  wastewater  and  waste.  There  are  several  factors  involved  in  transmitting  the  virus.  These  conditions  can  be  included  in  environment  and  human  behavior  (Fig. 1).  The  distribution  of  human  population, migration, social interactions, climate change (deforestation,   habitat   invasion),   agricultural   growth,   and  direct  contact  with  domestic  and  wild  animals  fall  into this category (Barratt et al. 2019; Dehghani and Kas-siri 2020).  On  the  other  hand,  the  effect  of  environmen-tal  factors  such  as  ambient  temperature,  humidity,  etc.,  relating to the COVID-19 pandemic (Fig. 1) has not been sufficiently  investigated.  How  the  virus  enters  the  body  (eyes,  ears,  mouth,  and  nose)  is  not  well  known  by  the elease  of  aerosols  and  droplets  containing  SARS-CoV-2  in  human  societies.  However,  previous  findings  in  the  epidemic  of  a  virus  similar  to  SARS-CoV-2  can  be  used  in  this  regard  (Sun  et  al.  2020),  because  the  methods  of  transmission  are  not  currently  known.  Therefore  CDC  recommends  standard  precautions,  contact  and  air,  and  eye  protection  (glasses  or  face  shields)  (CDC  2020b, e). It  has  been  reported  that  even  with  personal  protective  equipment  (PPE),  it  is  still  possible  to  get  infected  (Dai  2020)  because  there  is  no  convincing  evidence  to  sup-port  the  effect  of  PPE  use  in  the  prevention  of  infection  (Yang 2020). The significant concern about SARS-CoV-2 is its transmission (Dehghani and Kassiri 2020). Accord-ing  to  the  WHO,  there  is  no  certainty  about  the  persis-tence of the SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. However, the virus appears  to  act  like  other  coronaviruses  and  can  survive  on the surface for at least several hours (Parry 2004). For this  reason,  the  following  health  points  in  public  places,  hospitals,  and  residential  houses  has  a  significant  role  in  controlling  the  transmission  of  the  disease  (WHO  2020a). Dealing with COVID-19 and preventing its rapid and dangerous spread is a global challenge. Therefore, the fight  against  this  disease  requires  global  management.  However,  due  to  the  potential  variability  of  this  disease,  according to the type of climate and other environmental factors, its prevention and control should be investigated quickly  and  seriously  (Askari  et  al.  2018).  When  a  new  pandemic  occurs,  a  lot  of  health  advice  is  given.  Any-way,  it  should  be  noted  that  these  methods  may  not  be  the  most  accurate  and  correct,  but  following  them  can  be  effective  until  sufficient  knowledge  is  obtained.  Nev-ertheless,  a  hierarchy  to  deal  with  SARS-CoV-2  trans-mission  involves  three  steps:  1)  self-care,  2)  control  of  environmental  factors,  and  3)  the  use  of  PPE  (Lai  et  al.  2020). This study aimed to investigate the effect and role of  various  factors,  including  environmental  factors  (cli-mate change, water transfer, air, and food), disinfection of surfaces, and hands in the transmission and prevalence of COVID-19 pandemics 

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Water and wastewater and transmission of COVID‑19

Guaranteeing  safe  water,  collecting  sewage,  and  main-taining   effective   hygiene   during   infectious   diseases,   including  COVID-19  pandemic,  play  a  key  role  in  sup-porting  human  health  (Eslami  et  al.  2018;  WHO  2020b). The  risk  of  COVID-19  appears  to  be  low  through  the  stool of an infected person. There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2  may  lead  to  intestinal  infection  and  be  present  in  the stool (Bhattacharjee 2020). Studies show that approx-imately  2  to  10  percent  of  confirmed  SARS-CoV-2  cases  have  been  associated  with  diarrhea  (Chen  et  al.  2020; Huang  et  al.  2020;  Wang  et  al.  2020a).  Two  studies  have  reported   the   detection   of   residual   SARS-CoV-2   viral   RNA in the stool of patients with SARS-CoV-2 (Holshue et  al. 2019;  Xiao  et  al.  2020).  Yet,  only  one  study  has  reported  the  SARS-CoV-2  from  a  cultured  stool  sample  (WHO 2020b). In the latest study, the report of the pres-ence  of  the  SARS-CoV-2  virus  in  sewage  has  been  con-firmed. The presence of the virus in the wastewater, even when  the  prevalence  of  the  virus  is  low,  indicates  that  the  SARS-CoV-2  can  survive  in  the  sewage.  This  find-ing could be a sensitive tool for tracking and monitoring the rate of virus rotation in communities (Lodder and de Roda  Husman  2020;  Medema  et  al.  2020).  Some  studies  have  reported  that  coronavirus  can  remain  in  water  or  wastewater  sources  for  days  or  weeks  (Qu  et  al.  2020). Due to the evidence of the virus surviving in aquatic and sewage  environments,  its  presence  in  water  resources  is  dependent on essential factors such as temperature, sun-light,  and  the  presence  of  organic  compounds  that  the  virus can adsorb to and protect themself against sunlight. The  presence  of  other  antagonistic  microorganisms  can  also  affect  its  survival  in  water  resources.  According  to  the latest WHO report, there is no evidence that human-type coronavirus has been transmitted through contami-nated drinking water (Naddeo and Liu 2020). In general, coated  viruses  are  less  environmentally  friendly  and  are  more  sensitive  to  oxidants  such  as  chlorine.  The  SARS-CoV-2 is likely to be significantly inactivated more rapidly than  human  intestinal  viruses  without  water-borne  dis-eases in contact with oxidants (WHO 2020b).

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