Substance abuse 
According to the WHO (2010), “Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome - a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state.
Drug Misuse
The term misuse in refers to the illegal or illicit drug taking or alcohol consumption which leads a person to experience social, psychological, physical or legal problems related to intoxication or regular excessive consumption and/or dependence
Substance dependence
It is also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences .
The previous edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) divided substance-related disorders into two categories: substance abuse and substance dependence. There were a number of problems with this system: the dividing line between abuse and dependence was not clear; substance dependence was often confused with physical dependence; and the term abuse has pejorative connotations. Published in May 2013, the DSM-5 replaces these with a single term: substance use disorder. There are two major changes to the diagnostic criteria:
1) Recurrent legal problems, which was a criterion for substance abuse, has been removed. 2) A new criterion has been added: craving or strong desire/urge to use a substance,.
Epidemiology of substance use disorders:Epidemiological studies of substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) have provided an abundance of data on the patterns of substance use in nationally representative samples across the world .
Substance use is a major global public health issue In 2011, it was estimated that between 167 and 315 million people or 3.6%–6.9% of the adult population aged 15 years to 64 years have used an illicit substance in the preceding year .
Youths are a high risk group for the use of substances Among the youth, substance use is a worldwide epidemic that can impact negatively on health, family, society, and educational and professional life
Substance use has contributed to the increasing incidence of psychosocial problems among the youth In Egypt, The Research Unit of the General Secretariat for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment, published a research on mental health and substance abuse among high school students showed that the most commonly used substance for life was tranquilizers (benzodiazepine derivatives), while cannabis (natural and synthetic) was the most widely used in the past 12 months and during the 30 Days ago
It was also observed that the prevalence of the use of benzodiazepines during the past year was steady, indicating that these substances were used regularly until the time of study
Men are more likely than women to use almost all types of illicit drugs
However, women are just as likely as men to become addicted. In addition, women may be more susceptible to craving and relapse, which are key phases of the addiction cycle
AMA. 2016. Ama task force to reduce opioid abuse. Patients with a substance use disorder need treatment--not stigma. The West Virginia medical journal 112:16-17.
American Psychiatric Association Ranna Parekh, January 2017
Anorexics and Bulimics Anonymous. (2009). A quick reference for newcomers: 12 questions
frequently asked about ABA. Retrieved August 12, 2013, from http://aba12steps.org/about/
Ash J. B. and E. Piazza (1995). "Changing symptomatology in eating disorders." International Journal of Eating Disorders18(1): 27-38.
Ashworth, F., Pringle, A., Norbury, R., Harmer, C., Cowen, P., & Cooper, M. (2011). Neuralresponse to angry and disgusted facial expressions in bulimia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 41(11), 2375–2384.
Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). Underweight rats have enhanced dopaminerelease and blunted acetylcholine response in the nucleus accumbens while bingeing onsucrose. Neuroscience, 156(4), 865–871. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.017, S0306-4522(08)01179-2 [pii].
Babalola EO, Ogunwale A, Akinhanmi A. 2013. Pattern of psychoactive substance use among university students in south-western nigeria. Journal of Behavioral Health 2:334-342.
Bach, P., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Frischknecht, U., Hoerst, M., Kiefer, F., Mann, K.,... Hermann,D. (2012). Diminished brain functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in patients onopiate maintenance despite normal spatial working memory task performance. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35(4), 153–160.
Bailer, U. F., Frank, G. K., Henry, S. E., Price, J. C., Meltzer, C. C., Mathis, C. A.,... Kaye, W. H.(2007). Exaggerated 5-HT1A but normal 5-HT2A receptor activity in individuals ill withanorexia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 61(9), 1090–1099.
Balodis, I. M., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., White, M. A., Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D.,...Potenza, M. N. (2013). Monetary reward processing in obese individuals with and withoutbinge eating disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 877–886.
Balodis, I. M., Molina, N. D., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., White, M. A., Sinha, R.,... Potenza, M. N. (2013). Divergent neural substrates of inhibitory control in binge eating disorder relative to other manifestations of obesity. Obesity, 21(2), 367–377.
Barnett, E., Sussman, S., Smith, C., Rohrbach, L. A., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2012). Motivationalinterviewing for adolescent substance use: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors, 37(12), 1325–1334.
-Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (Eds.) (2012).Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. Washington/London: AmericanPsychiatric Publishing.
Benton, D. (2010). The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders.
Clinical Nutrition, 29, 288–303.
Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward:‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(1), 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014, S1471-4892(08)00212-9 [pii].
Bewell-Weiss, C., & Carter, J. (2010). Predictors of excessive exercise in anorexia nervosa.Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(6), 566–571.
Biddle, S. J., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. British journal of sports medicine, bjsports90185.
According to the WHO (2010), “Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome - a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state.
Drug Misuse
The term misuse in refers to the illegal or illicit drug taking or alcohol consumption which leads a person to experience social, psychological, physical or legal problems related to intoxication or regular excessive consumption and/or dependence
Substance dependence
It is also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences .
The previous edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) divided substance-related disorders into two categories: substance abuse and substance dependence. There were a number of problems with this system: the dividing line between abuse and dependence was not clear; substance dependence was often confused with physical dependence; and the term abuse has pejorative connotations. Published in May 2013, the DSM-5 replaces these with a single term: substance use disorder. There are two major changes to the diagnostic criteria:
1) Recurrent legal problems, which was a criterion for substance abuse, has been removed. 2) A new criterion has been added: craving or strong desire/urge to use a substance,.
Epidemiology of substance use disorders:Epidemiological studies of substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) have provided an abundance of data on the patterns of substance use in nationally representative samples across the world .
Substance use is a major global public health issue In 2011, it was estimated that between 167 and 315 million people or 3.6%–6.9% of the adult population aged 15 years to 64 years have used an illicit substance in the preceding year .
Youths are a high risk group for the use of substances Among the youth, substance use is a worldwide epidemic that can impact negatively on health, family, society, and educational and professional life
Substance use has contributed to the increasing incidence of psychosocial problems among the youth In Egypt, The Research Unit of the General Secretariat for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment, published a research on mental health and substance abuse among high school students showed that the most commonly used substance for life was tranquilizers (benzodiazepine derivatives), while cannabis (natural and synthetic) was the most widely used in the past 12 months and during the 30 Days ago
It was also observed that the prevalence of the use of benzodiazepines during the past year was steady, indicating that these substances were used regularly until the time of study
Men are more likely than women to use almost all types of illicit drugs
However, women are just as likely as men to become addicted. In addition, women may be more susceptible to craving and relapse, which are key phases of the addiction cycle
AMA. 2016. Ama task force to reduce opioid abuse. Patients with a substance use disorder need treatment--not stigma. The West Virginia medical journal 112:16-17.
American Psychiatric Association Ranna Parekh, January 2017
Anorexics and Bulimics Anonymous. (2009). A quick reference for newcomers: 12 questions
frequently asked about ABA. Retrieved August 12, 2013, from http://aba12steps.org/about/
Ash J. B. and E. Piazza (1995). "Changing symptomatology in eating disorders." International Journal of Eating Disorders18(1): 27-38.
Ashworth, F., Pringle, A., Norbury, R., Harmer, C., Cowen, P., & Cooper, M. (2011). Neuralresponse to angry and disgusted facial expressions in bulimia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 41(11), 2375–2384.
Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). Underweight rats have enhanced dopaminerelease and blunted acetylcholine response in the nucleus accumbens while bingeing onsucrose. Neuroscience, 156(4), 865–871. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.017, S0306-4522(08)01179-2 [pii].
Babalola EO, Ogunwale A, Akinhanmi A. 2013. Pattern of psychoactive substance use among university students in south-western nigeria. Journal of Behavioral Health 2:334-342.
Bach, P., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Frischknecht, U., Hoerst, M., Kiefer, F., Mann, K.,... Hermann,D. (2012). Diminished brain functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in patients onopiate maintenance despite normal spatial working memory task performance. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35(4), 153–160.
Bailer, U. F., Frank, G. K., Henry, S. E., Price, J. C., Meltzer, C. C., Mathis, C. A.,... Kaye, W. H.(2007). Exaggerated 5-HT1A but normal 5-HT2A receptor activity in individuals ill withanorexia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 61(9), 1090–1099.
Balodis, I. M., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., White, M. A., Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D.,...Potenza, M. N. (2013). Monetary reward processing in obese individuals with and withoutbinge eating disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 877–886.
Balodis, I. M., Molina, N. D., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., White, M. A., Sinha, R.,... Potenza, M. N. (2013). Divergent neural substrates of inhibitory control in binge eating disorder relative to other manifestations of obesity. Obesity, 21(2), 367–377.
Barnett, E., Sussman, S., Smith, C., Rohrbach, L. A., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2012). Motivationalinterviewing for adolescent substance use: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors, 37(12), 1325–1334.
-Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (Eds.) (2012).Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. Washington/London: AmericanPsychiatric Publishing.
Benton, D. (2010). The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders.
Clinical Nutrition, 29, 288–303.
Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward:‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(1), 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014, S1471-4892(08)00212-9 [pii].
Bewell-Weiss, C., & Carter, J. (2010). Predictors of excessive exercise in anorexia nervosa.Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(6), 566–571.
Biddle, S. J., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. British journal of sports medicine, bjsports90185.
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